Prior to his academic career he worked in the probation service, initially as a probation officer, then as Director of one of the four Day Training Centres in the Home Office Alternatives to Custody experiment of 1973, and finally as Research and Development Officer for the Mid Glamorgan Probation Service. He has published widely on, amongst other subjects, the effectiveness of community sentences; the history of probation in England and Wales; the international origins of probation; voluntary after-care of ex-prisoners; and rehabilitation and cinema.
Recently, with Anne Worrall he has completed an article (Howard Journal forthcoming) on the history of probation work with women. His books include Supervising Offenders in the community: a History of Probation Theory and Practice (2004) (based on his PhD), and (with Philip Priestley) The Palgrave Handbook of Global Rehabilitation in Criminal Justice (2022).